Pandemia da COVID-19: adaptação e avaliação psicométrica da "Face Mask Use Scale" / Pandemia de COVID-19: adaptación y evaluación psicométrica de la Face Mask Use Scale / COVID-19 pandemic: adaptation and psychometric assessment of the Face Mask Use Scale

Resumo Objetivo Adaptar culturalmente para o português do Brasil a Face Mask Use Scale e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas. Métodos Estudo metodológico, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, que compreendeu as etapas de: tradução; consenso da versão em português; avaliação por comitê de especialistas; retrotradução e comparação com a versão original; teste piloto e avaliação psicométrica da Face Mask Use Scale (FMUS). Resultados A versão original da FMUS foi traduzida para o português do Brasil. A validade de conteúdo foi realizada por um painel de cinco especialistas. O índice de validade de conteúdo para a escala (IVC-S/Ave) foi 0,87 e para os itens (IVC-I) variou de 0,6 a 1,0. A versão para o português do Brasil da FMUS (FMUS-PB) foi aplicada em 4822 adultos com idade média de 30 anos (DP = 11,7). Na consistência interna, o Alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,86. O modelo original de dois fatores da FMUS não se mostrou adequado para a população brasileira pelo uso da análise fatorial confirmatória e exploratória. Assim, realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória para investigar a estrutura fatorial da FMUS-PB novamente e um novo modelo potencial da FMUS-PB para melhor explicação. A FMUS-PB apresentou estrutura fatorial diferente do modelo original. Os itens foram alinhados em um único fator, criando um instrumento unidimensional que explicou 59,7% da variância total. A validade de construto por grupos conhecidos foi satisfatória (p <0,001). Conclusão A FMUS-PB é confiável e válida para medir a prática do uso de máscaras entre a população brasileira, sobretudo na pandemia da COVID-19.

Resumen Objetivo Adaptar culturalmente la Face Mask Use Scale al portugués de Brasil y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Métodos Estudio metodológico, transversal, con enfoque cualitativo, que comprendió las siguientes etapas: traducción, consenso de la versión en portugués, evaluación de comité de especialistas, retrotraducción y comparación con la versión original, prueba piloto y evaluación psicométrica de la Face Mask Use Scale (FMUS). Resultados La versión original de la FMUS fue traducida al portugués de Brasil. La validez de contenido fue realizada por un panel de cinco especialistas. El índice de validez de contenido de la escala (IVC-S/Ave) fue 0,87 y el de los ítems (IVC-I) varió de 0,6 a 1,0. La versión en portugués de Brasil de la FMUS (FMUS-PB) fue aplicada a 4.822 adultos de edad promedio de 30 años (DP = 11,7). En la consistencia interna, el Alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,86. El modelo original de dos factores de la FMUS demostró no ser adecuado para la población brasileña mediante el uso del análisis factorial confirmatorio y exploratorio. De esta forma, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para investigar la estructura factorial de la FMUS-PB nuevamente y un nuevo modelo posible de la FMUS-PB para una mejor explicación. La FMUS-PB presentó una estructura factorial diferente al modelo original. Los ítems fueron alineados en un único factor y se creó un instrumento unidimensional que explicó el 59,7 % de la varianza total. La validez del constructo por grupos conocidos fue satisfactoria (p < 0,001). Conclusión La FMUS-PB es confiable y válida para medir la práctica del uso de mascarillas en la población brasileña, sobre todo durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract Objective To culturally adapt the Face Mask Use Scale to Brazilian Portuguese and assess its psychometric properties. Methods This is a methodological, cross-sectional, quantitative study, which comprised the following steps: translation; Portuguese version consensus; assessment by an expert committee; back-translation and comparison with the original version; pilot test; and psychometric assessment of the Face Mask Use Scale (FMUS). Results The original version of FMUS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese. Content validity was performed by a panel of five experts.The Content Validity Index for the scale (CVI-S/Ave) was 0.87 and for the items (CVI-I) it ranged from 0.6 to 1.0. The FMUS - Brazilian Portuguese version (FMUS-BP) was applied to 4822 adults with a mean age of 30 years (SD = 11.7).For internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was 0.86. The original two-factor model of the FMUS was not suitable for the Brazilian population due to the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Thus, an Exploratory Factor Analysis was carried out to investigate the factor structure of the FMUS-BP again and a new potential model of the FMUS-BP for better explanation.The FMUS-BP presented a factor structure different from the original model. Items were aligned on a single factor, creating a one-dimensional instrument that explained 59.7% of the total variance. Construct validity by known-groups was satisfactory (p <0.001). Conclusion The FMUS-BP is reliable and valid to measure the practice of using masks among the Brazilian population, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Association Between Depression, Health Beliefs, and Face Mask Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with increases in psychiatric morbidity, including depression. It is unclear if people with depressive symptoms understand or apply COVID-19 information differently to the general population. Therefore, this study aimed to examine associations between depression, health beliefs, and face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in Hong Kong. This study gathered data from 11,072 Hong Kong adults via an online survey. Respondents self-reported their demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), face mask use, and health beliefs about COVID-19. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to identify independent variables associated with depression. The point-prevalence of probable depression was 46.5% (n = 5,150). Respondents reporting higher mask reuse (OR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.17-1.34), wearing masks for self-protection (OR = 1.03 95%CI 1.01-1.06), perceived high susceptibility (OR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.09-1.23), and high severity (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.28-1.37) were more likely to report depression. Depression was less likely in those with higher scores for cues to action (OR = 0.82, 95%CI 0.80-0.84), knowledge of COVID-19 (OR = 0.95, 95%CI 0.91-0.99), and self-efficacy to wear mask properly (OR = 0.90 95%CI 0.83-0.98). We identified a high point-prevalence of probable major depression and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong, but this should be viewed with caution due to the convenience sampling method employed. Future studies should recruit a representative probability sample in order to draw more reliable conclusions. The findings highlight that COVID-19 health information may be a protective factor of probable depression and suicidal ideation during the pandemic. Accurate and up-to-date health information should be disseminated to distressed and vulnerable subpopulations, perhaps using digital health technology, and social media platforms to prompt professional help-seeking behavior.

Suicide prevention in Brunei.

Brunei Darussalam is a small country in Southeast Asia with a conservative Islamic government and culture. Suicide is a criminal offence under the civil Penal Code and the newly implemented sharia Penal Code. Suicide and mental illness are associated with significant stigma. Public discussion about suicide and mental illness has been considered taboo for many years. Recently, increased rates of media-reported suicides caused significant public alarm. This paper describes the initial steps that have been taken and possible future strategies for suicide prevention. The complex issues affecting suicide prevention in the national context are discussed.

Follow-Up Study of Youth Who Received EIBI as Young Children.

Although early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) has been clearly shown to be evidence-based, there is very little information available regarding long-term outcomes, especially from community effectiveness studies. We present data on cognitive, adaptive, and autism severity measures from four time points (pre- and post-EIBI and two follow-up points) for a sample of 21 youth, currently aged 16 years on average (range = 13-20) who received EIBI as young children and who have been out of EIBI for a mean of 10 years (range = 8.5-14). Results show heterogeneous outcomes and a general pattern of stability since the end of EIBI, suggesting gains made in EIBI are maintained.

Restrictive environments: the challenge of implementing of Brunei's 2014 Mental Health Order.

In 2014, Brunei implemented the Mental Health Order, which replaced the 1929 Lunacy Act. This new legislation was designed to improve the treatment of mental disorders and to protect the rights and welfare of people with mental disorders. This short report describes the experience and challenge of implementing the new legislation, with a particular focus on the use of involuntary treatment and the restrictions imposed on people with mental disorders despite the new legislative framework.

The management of offenders with mental disorders within the criminal justice system in Brunei Darussalam.

This paper examines the management of offenders with mental disorders in Brunei Darussalam. The existing legislation, resources and service configuration are discussed in the context of recent developments and the challenges that need to be addressed. An innovative multi-agency approach is suggested to improve the management of a group of people with complex needs.

Brunei Darussalam's new Mental Health Order.

Brunei's new mental health legislation was implemented on 1 November 2014. This is a much needed and long overdue development which has required significant multi-agency consultation and commitment. This paper describes how the 2014 Mental Health Order was prepared and provides a summary of its contents. The future direction and challenges facing its full implementation are discussed.

Psychiatric morbidity and socio-occupational dysfunction in residents of a drug rehabilitation centre: challenges of substance misuse management in a Bruneian context.

Aims and method In 2011, a psychiatric clinic was started in Pusat Al-Islah, a drug rehabilitation centre. Our aim was to record self-reported socio-occupational dysfunction and patterns of drug misuse and to evaluate the usefulness of a psychiatric screening tool. A two-phased approach using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to examine the rates of psychiatric diagnoses. Results Methamphetamine was the most commonly misused substance in 94.5% of residents. High levels of socio-occupational dysfunction were reported. In total, 5.5% met criteria for major depressive disorder, 4.8% for lifetime psychotic disorder and 11.5% for suicidal ideation. In addition, 13.3% reported previous untreated mental health problems. Clinical implications A screening tool such as the SRQ can be used to identify those needing further psychiatric assessment. Interventions to address amphetamine misuse and associated socio-occupational dysfunction are required. Societal views and legislation influence the management of substance misuse problems in Brunei.

'Do It Yourself' in the parent-professional partnership for the assessment and diagnosis of children with autism spectrum conditions in Hong Kong: a qualitative study.

Timely and appropriate care for children with autism spectrum conditions is affected by the interaction between healthcare professionals and parents. Despite the importance of the parent-professional partnership, there is a dearth of cultural-specific data on parent-professional partnership in the Chinese context. We conducted 10 in-depth life-history interviews with parents of children with autism spectrum conditions in Hong Kong who were diagnosed during preschool years. Using an interpretative phenomenological analytic method, five themes were constructed to represent the context of parent-professional partnership in Hong Kong along the pathway of seeking a diagnosis: (a) access to the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum conditions, (b) multiple procedures of assessment, (c) consultation prior to diagnosis and assessment, (d) communication of diagnosis and assessment result and (e) post-assessment isolation. Parental narratives highlight the important domains of parent-professional partnership and reflect the complexity of diagnosis and the lack of a cohesive system. For many parents, the assessment procedure was marred by a series of obstacles, which were further exacerbated by a poorly developed parent-professional partnership. Suggestions for parent-professional partnership development include establishing an evidence-based best practice guideline for Hong Kong, creating pre-assessment information workshops for parents to attend and equipping professionals with knowledge about autism spectrum conditions and enhanced communication skills.

Mental healthcare in Brunei Darussalam: recent developments in mental health services and mental health law.

Mental health services and legislation in Brunei Darussalam have undergone a period of development and reform. This paper describes the challenges met, recent innovations and priority areas for the next 10 years.